| Abstract | Neka napuštena i nestala naselja u mletačkoj Istri u novom vijeku
Rad tematizira povijesni Wüstungsprozess, u hrvatskoj historiografiji označen kao fenomen opustjelih selišta ili napuštenih sela i zapuštanje obradiva zemljišta, što se odnosi i na Istru u razdoblju Mletačke Republike, posebice njezin južni teritorij. U radu smo se usredotočili na najmanje istražen dio mletačke Istre, na središnji (okolica Limske drage), sjeverozapadni (dolina rijeke Mirne), te sjeveroistočni s unutrašnjošću (Rašporski kapetanat), stoga što fenomen Wüstungsprozessa razmatramo kao širi pojam, kao napuštene, propale ili nestale naseobine, tj. naselja.
U radu navodimo predmetnu terminologiju, pregled istarske historiografije i recentnih studija koje u širem ili užem kontekstu govore o fenomenu napuštenih ili nestalih naselja, zatim povijesni pregled mletačke Istre, kao i društvene, gospodarske, geografsko-pedološke, biološke i klimatske krizne okolnosti koje su utjecale na promjene urbanističkog naličja istarskog prostora.
U katalogu rada opisali smo neke od dobro poznatih primjera i oblika napuštenih naselja, kao i one koje su samo dijelom istražene ili postoje kao naznake u literaturi, ili u kolektivnoj memoriji i toponomastici. U radu se koristimo i elaboratima provedenih različitim oblicima studijskih i konzervatorskih istraživanja, kao i antropoloških poddisciplina kao okvirom za razumijevanje naselja u arhitektonsko-urbanističkom smislu te kao fenomena mjesta/nemjesta u širem kulturnom kontekstu.
Rad je doprinos čitanju istarske povijesti i njezina kulturološkog pejzaža u razdoblju ispreplitanja kasnog srednjovjekovlja i ranog novog vijeka. Bez obzira na to što je većina napuštenih ili nestalih naselja i/ili nemjesta mletačke Istre danas nevidljiva ili samo u tragovima, ili u ruševinama, ili u kolektivnoj memoriji, ili su bila osnove za nastanak i razvoj novih, ipak neka od njih su arhitektonski sačuvana. Bez obzira na statuse kulturnih dobara, konzervacija, obnova i revitalizacija, posebice napuštenih kaštela, svako naselje kada nema nikoga tko u njima živi, neizbježno odumire. Ostajući bez života koji ih je ispunjavao, prazne građevine ili urbane formacije opstaju tek kao nemjesta, kao različite manifestacije istog procesa – životne krize fizičkih prostora. Međutim, i takvi prostori govore o srednjovjekovnom urbanizmu obalne i unutarnje Istre, kao višestoljetnom neposrednom procesu razvoja i razvitku naselja, što je i danas karakteristična urbana odrednica istarskog pejzaža. |
| Abstract (english) | Some of the Venetian Settlements in Istria Abandoned or Disappeared in the Early Modern Period
The paper takes up the topic of the Wüstungsprozess, meaning in Croatian historiography the phenomenon of the cleared settlements or deserted villages and the abandonment of cultivable land, referring also to Istria in the period of the Venetian Republic. The paper has concentrated on the least researched part of Venetian Istria, the central part (Lim Bay), the north-west (valley of the Mirna) and the north eastern part with the interior (the area of the Rašpor Captaincy) for we look upon the Wüstungsprozess, the desertification process, as a wider phenomenon, as abandoned, failed or vanished settlements.
The paper lists the relevant terminology, reviews Istrian historiography and recent studies that speak in a wider or a more restricted context of the phenomenon of abandoned or vanished settlements, gives a historical review of Venetian Istria as well as the circumstances in social and economic affairs, physical geography, circumstances biological and climatic crises that tended to bring about changes to the urbanised appearance of the space of Istria.
In the catalogue of the paper, some well known examples and forms of deserted settlements have been described, as well as those that have been only partially researched or exist only in the form of mentions in literature or in the collective memory or are memorialized in place names. Studies carried out by various forms of feasibility study and conservation research are used, including anthropological sub-disciplines which provide a framework for the understanding of a settlement from an architectural and urbanistic point of view and the phenomenon of place/non-place in a wider cultural context.
The paper is a contribution to the reading of Istrian history and its cultural landscape in the period in which the Late Middle Ages gradually merged into the Early Modern Period. Although most of the abandoned or vanished settlements and/or non-places of Venetian Istria are today invisible or to be seen only in fragments or ruins, or located in the collective memory, or only as the basis for the origin and development of new places, some of them have nevertheless been preserved in terms of architecture. Irrespective of the statuses of cultural property, conservation and revitalisation, particularly of abandoned castles, every settlement in which no one lives are destined ineluctably for extinction. Remaining without the life that once filled them, the empty buildings or urban formations survive only as non-places, as diverse manifestations of the same process - the life crisis of physical spaces. But such spaces too tell of medieval town planning of coastal and interior Istria, a centuries-long hands-on process of the development and growth of settlements, characteristic still today of the urban determinants of the Istrian landscape |
