| Abstract | Trpimirova vladavina je uvelike pomogla stvaranju samostalnosti hrvatske države u srednjemu vijeku. Njegovu su vojnu moć potvrđivale pobjede nad Bizantincima i velika pobjeda protiv Bugara. On nije bio samo snažan državnik i ratnik, već i vladar koji se nastojao okružiti obrazovanim ljudima te je bio sklon kulturnom djelovanju. Smatra se utemeljiteljem narodne dinastije nazvane prema njemu: Trpimirovići. Hrvati su prebivali na području južne Panonije, Dalmacije i Neretve. Na ovim su prostorima s vremenom nastale kneževine, Donjopanonska, Dalmacija i Neretvanska kneževina. Ponekad su se kneževine međusobno sukobljavale, tako nam je primjerice poznat sukob između knezova Ljudevita Posavskog i Borne iz Dalmacije. Sukobu je prethodilo veliko nezadovoljstvo prema franačkoj vlasti. Godine 818. Ljudevit se odlučuje na ustanak. Ustanak je dosezao gotovo do Salzburga. Ljudevit je u ljetu 819. poražen u Karantaniji. Ustanak je u konačnici ugušen 822. kada ga je u zavjerio dao smaknuti Bornin ujak Ljedemisl. U osnivanju Dalmatinske kneževine uvelike je pridonijelo pokrštavanje njezinih vladara i stanovništva. Prostor nad kojem vlada prvi dalmatinski knez ne možemo sa sigurnošću odrediti. Donjopanonskom kneževinom se osim prostora između Drave i Save sa središtem u Sisku, nazivao i prostor sjeverno od Drave sa središtem u Blatnom gradu na Balatonu. Prostor između Neretve i Cetine naselila su različita slavenska plemena. Unatoč činjenici da je ovo bila za ondašnje političke prilike relativno mala zemlja, slavenska su plemena uspjela nametnuti vlast brojnijem romanskom stanovništvu i slobodno gusariti Jadranom sve do kraja 8. stoljeća. Neretljani su za svoje doba bili stvarni gospodari Jadrana, posebice njezinog središnjeg djela. Dolaskom Trpimira na vlast 845. godine, zasjela je na hrvatsko prijestolje prva i jedina domaća dinastija Trpimirovići. Njegovo središte Klis je bila ključna utvrda jer je s jedne strane otvarala veze s obalom, dok je s druge strane omogućavala prodor u zaleđe. Prijašnji knezovi u ratovima su djelovali gotovo uvijek pod pokroviteljstvom franačkih careva, Trpimir je sada mogao vojno djelovati gotovo samostalno. Pokrenuo je pohod na „narod Grka“. Pretpostavlja se da je krenuo u rat protiv Splita ili Trogira. Gottshalkov boravak na Trpimirovu dvoru dok ga je tada progonila gotovo čitava Europa jasan je pokazatelj samostalnosti kneževine. Pred sam kraj svoje vladavine Trpimir je bio uvučen u veliki sukob sa bugarskim kanom Borisom. Jedan od razloga bi mogao biti politički interes oba vladara, dakle Trpimira i Borisa oko područja sjeveroistočne Bosne, drugi bi razlog mogao biti namjera kana da svoj poraz nadoknadi osvajanjem Hrvatske. Trpimir je izvojevao veliku pobjedu čime je na dulje vrijeme osigurao sjevernu granicu Hrvatske. Jednom je za života hodočastio u Čedad (Cividale), koji je bio u središtu Akvilejske patrijaršije. Iz rukopisa sastavljenom u Čedadu možemo saznati da su ondašnji redovnici Trpimira oslovljavali s domno Tripimero. Trpimir je nastavio dobre veze sa Splitom koje je započeo njegov prethodnik Mislav. On je poklonio splitskoj Crkvi posjede u zaleđu Klisa. Kršćanstvo se širilo među Hrvatima i iz dalmatinskih gradova u kojima ono nikada nije za razliku od zaleđa i dublje u unutrašnjosti zamrlo. O odnosu kneza Trpimira i Crkve najbolje nam govori njegova darovnica. Dokazi za povijesnu točnost teksta, odnosno da potječe iz 9. stoljeća, govore njegova analiza sadržaja, te imena serva u Mosoru od kojih ni jedno nije bilo kršćansko. U priobalnom dijelu Hrvatske gradovi su bili pod utjecajem Antike, ponajviše što ondje gradski način života nije previše propatio u seobama različitih plemena. Iz tih razloga u 9. stoljeću još uvijek ponegdje u priobalnim gradovima možemo pronaći zapise o posjedovanju robova. Trpimir je nakon svoje smrti uspostavio dinastiju koja je vladala Hrvatskom sve do kraja 11. stoljeća. Za sobom je ostavio dvojicu sinova: Zdeslava i Mutimira. Pretpostavlja se međutim da je ime Petar bilo krsno jednog od dvojice braće. Nije ga naslijedio ni jedan od njegovih sinova, nego je to bio Domagoj. Ratovao je s Arapima, Mlečanima i samim Bizantskim Carstvom. Domagoj je za sobom ostavio nekoliko sinova, no njih je prognao Zdeslav, Trpimirov sin. Dolaskom Zdeslava ojačao je bizantski utjecaj u Dalmaciji i Hrvatskoj. Zbog tog razloga nasljednik velikog Trpimira I. nije dočekan s velikim oduševljenjem. Zdeslava je naslijedio Branimir, koji ga je najvjerojatnije dao smaknuti. Na vlasti je sada ponovno bio čovjek koji nije pripadao rodu Trpimirovića. Za zasluge u dobrom služenju papa ga je na Spasovo 879. na svetoj misi blagoslovio, i Hrvate općenito, što je prema tadašnjem shvaćanju bilo priznavanje neovisnosti. Branimir nije imao sinove, te ga je na prijestolju nakon smrti naslijedio Trpimirov drugi sin Mutimir. Njegovim se dolaskom konačno ustalila dinastija koja je vrlo vjerojatno bez prekida vladala sve do smrti kralja Zvonimira 1089. godine. |
| Abstract (english) | The rule of Trpimir was big step for establishing indipendent Croatian state in Medieval Age. His military power was confirm by victories against Byzantians and great victory against Bulgarians. He was a strong statesman and warrior, he were inclided for cultural acting. He is concerned for who were establisht national dynasty called by him: Trpimirović. Croatians people were dwelt in South panonia, Dalmatia and area around Neretva River. In this all this area were eventualy created a couple states such as Downpanonian's Principality, Dalmatia and Neretva's Principality. Sometimes, they were got in the war agains eachother, such as Ljudevit Posavian and Borna from Dalmatia. The war was preceded by dissatifaction agains goverment. In the year of 818 Ljudevit decides to take a rebellion against it.. In the summer of 819 Ljudevit was defeated in Carantania. Rebellion was suffocated in 822 when Ludevit was killed by Ljudemisl. In establish of Dalmatian's Principality huge factor was christianization of their rulers and polulation. Borders of first Dalmatian prince wasn't clearly known to nowdays. About his duty in Borna's period is also unknown. Downpanonian's Principality was called the territory between Drava and Sava, which center was in Sisak and also the territory between Drava and Balaton Lake which center was in Balaton City. The territory between Neretva and Cetina were inhabited by diffrent Slavic tribes. Despite the fact that this was relatively small country, this Slavic tribes were succesed in inestablishing their own rule. Neretva's populations were truly masters for the Adriatic Sea, especially for middle area of it. When Trpimir became the Prince, his own family was settled on Croatian throne for almost two century. He was under rule of Frackish Emperior and Italian King Lotar. Trpimir's main center was a fort Klis because it had the best directions with coast and the enterior of the area. Previous Princes were going to the war mostly under the rule of Franckian Emperior, but now he was able to go under the his own. He had to go to the war againt Byzantian governor in Dalmatia, which is ended succsesfully for him. Sojurn of Gottschalk on Trpimir's rulling courtyards when his was the most wanted man in Europe is indicator for Trpimir's strong rule in his Principality. At the end of his rule, he was intenred in war agains Bulgarian Prince Boris. Maybe is because their both have their interests for north Bosnia, or maybe is because the Bulgarian Prince was defeated early against the King of East Francks. Trpimir was victorius and at the end they have both signed peace. Once for a lifetime his had visit Čedad. It was the center of Akvilea's Patriarchate. On the manuscript made up here, we can find out that their were called him domno Trpimero. Trpimir has continued good relations with Split, which was started with Mislav. He donated it the land to their Bishop in vicinity of Klis. Christianity has spread all over the interior from Dalmatia because in Dalmatia it was never died. Best source for reveal the relationship between Prince and Church is in his Grants. From the verified source we know that his had endowed the Nin's Bishop by given him a land for new church of Saint George. Proof for thuthfulness of the text, that it is from 9th century is in content analysis and names of the slaves in Mosor, which either wasn't christian's. In coastal area cities were lived in antique style. because their city life was never interapted by barbarians. This is the main reason why we can stil in 9th century find that some of the importent people still have the slaves. The answers for question like how were Croatian's peasant became the slaves is unknown still to us. Croatian's rulers like Trpimir and rulers before him, were usualy donated the work force to Bishops and these people are usuly became a slaves. After his death, Trpimir left his family on the throne for almost two century. He had two sons: Zdeslav and Mutimir. Neither of them has settled on the throne, his inheritor was Domagoj. Every rebellion against his rule he has suffocate in blood. He has wars with Venetia, Saracens and Byzantian Empire. Domagoj left several sons behind him, but no one of them has inherited him. His inheritod was Zdeslav, one of the Trpimir's sons. At that time Byzantian influence was very strong, also Zdeslav had some help to come back to Croatia by Byzantian Emperior. Because all of this things he wasn't very popular as Prince. After only a year of his rule, he was killed by Branimir, who has inherited him after that. Reasons for his act were several; Zdeslav was under influence of the Byzantian Emperior and he had turned the back of the Pope. Branimir was not from Trpimirović family. For his merities to Church, in year of 879 Pope has blassed him and all his people. In the Medieval style that was recognition of independence. Branimir didn't left any of his sons, so he was inherited bay Trpimir's another son Mutimir. By his arrival his family was finally settled on Croatian throne until death of King Zvonimir in 1089. |
