Sažetak | U prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća najveći politički problem bila je rascjepkanost hrvatskih zemalja koje su bile pod različitim stranim vlastima. U tom ozračju su Ante Starčević i Eugen Kvaternik počeli formirati svoju pravašku ideologiju. Hrvatski sabor 1861. raspravljao je o položaju Hrvatske u Monarhiji. U saborskim raspravama sudjelovali su zastupnici Narodne stranke, Unionističke struje te Stranke prava. Jedini koji su se zalagali za samostalnu hrvatsku državu i ujedinjenje hrvatskih zemalja bili su Starčević i Kvaternik. Starčević je u svojim govorima izražavao mržnju prema Austriji. U Saboru je prihvaćen prijedlog Narodne stranke koji je izražavao spremnost Trojedne Kraljevine, koja uključuje Hrvatsku i Slavoniju, Dalmaciju, Rijeku, Vojnu granicu i Međimurje, da stupi u užu državnopravnu vezu s Ugarskom ukoliko joj se prizna samostalnost i teritorijalna cjelovitost. Saborski zastupnici su odlučno negirali zajedničke poslove s Austrijom, što je davalo širok prostor za mogući dogovor Austrije i Ugarske. Hrvatski sabor se sastao u studenom 1865. kako bi se opetovano odredio prema zajedničkim poslovima koje su u konačnici i prihvatili u veljači 1866. Ante Starčević snažno se opirao interesima Beča. Poraz u ratu protiv Prusije prisilio je cara na preuređenje unutar Monarhije te je 1867. došlo do Austro-ugarske nagodbe. Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba je sklopljena 1868. manipulacijama u Saboru od strane unionističkog bana Raucha. Nagodbom je Hrvatska dobila autonomiju u unutarnjim poslovima, međutim, zajedničkim poslovima su određeni vanjska politika, vojska i gospodarstvo. Stranka prava u svojem političkom glasilu Hervat oštro osuđuje Nagodbu jer se Hrvatski sabor našao u podređenom položaju prema ugarskom. Kvaternik kao zagovornik hrvatskih povijesnih prava, pokušao je oružanim putem postići samostalnost Hrvatske te je bio vođa Rakovačke bune u listopadu 1871. Utemeljio je Narodnu vladu u Rakovici te proglasio samostalnost hrvatske države. Stranka prava se nakon neuspjeha Rakovičkog ustanka vratila u politički život 1875. na poticaj Frana Folnegovića i Erazma Barčića te studentske mladeži okupljene oko lista Hervatska. U Saboru je 1878. Starčević kritizirao dualističko uređenje Monarhije te je izrazio ogorčenost hrvatskog naroda zbog načina na koji vladar postupa s Hrvatskom. Pravaški pokret osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća izniknuo je na temeljima Starčeviće i Kvaternikove ideologije koja se temeljila na personalnoj uniji s Austro-Ugarskom Monarhijom. Suprotno Starčevićevim ideološkim razmišljanjima, pravaši 80-ih godina 19. stoljeća bili su za „praktičnu“ politiku. U srpnju 1881. kralj je ujedinio Vojnu granicu s Civilnom Hrvatskom i time je umirio Hrvate, zbog toga što je Rijeka prijevarom pripala Mađarskoj. U prosvjedima za skidanje dvojezičnih ploča sudjelovali su svi slojevi društva te je došlo do Narodnog pokreta 1883. Kako bi vladar obuzdao hrvatsko državotvorstvo i otpor mađarizaciji, imenovao 1883. Khuena Hedervaryja za hrvatsko–slavonsko-dalmatinskoga bana koji je nastavio mađarizaciju i političko nasilje. Erazmo Barčić je predložio „Lojalnu“ adresu na saboru u rujnu 1887. koja isticala bezuvjetno služenje dinastiji i napuštanje partnerskog odnosa kakav je zastupao Starčević. Do raskola Stranke prava došlo je 1895. godine. Pojavile su se dvije stranke: Čista stranku prava (frankovci) i Stranku prava (domovinaši). Spajanjem Stranke prava s Neodvisnom narodnom strankom nastala je Hrvatska stranka čija je politika vodila ka zajednici južnih Slavena. Krajem Prvog svjetskog rata došlo je do rasipanja Stranke prava jer nisu uspjeli ostvariti veću autonomiju unutar Monarhije, niti samostalnu hrvatsku državu. Nastala Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba morala je potpisati bezuvjetnu vezu s Kraljevinom Srbijom jer je postojala mogućnost da Italija preuzme čitavu dalmatinsku obalu, a to bi Hrvatsku vratilo na početak njezine borbe za ujedinjenje hrvatskih zemalja. |
Sažetak (engleski) | In the first half of the 19th century, the biggest political problem was the fragmentation of Croatian countries which were under various foreign authorities. Within such a political atmosphere, Ante Starčević and Eugen Kvaternik began forming their right-wing ideology. In 1861, the Croatian Parliament discussed Croatia’s position within the Monarchy. Representatives of the People’s Party, the Unionists, and the Party of Rights participated in the parliamentary discussions. The sole advocates for the independent Croatian state and the unification of Croatian countries were Starčević and Kvaternik. Starčević expressed his hatred of Austria in his speeches. The Parliament adopted a proposal by the People's Party expressing the readiness of the Triune Kingdom, which included Croatia and Slavonia, Dalmatia, Rijeka, the Croatian Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina) and Međimurje to enter into a close state relationship with Hungary solely if it’s independence and territorial integrity were to be recognized. The parliamentarians resolutely denied any "common affairs" with Austria, which provided a wide space for a possible agreement between Austria and Hungary. The Croatian Parliament met in November 1865 to re-establish its "common affairs", which they finally accepted in February 1866. Ante Starčević strongly opposed the interests of Vienna. The defeat in the war against Prussia forced the Emperor to reorganize within the Monarchy, and in 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Compromise was established. The Croatian-Hungarian settlement (i.e. Nagodba) was concluded in 1868 by means of manipulations in parliament orchestrated by the Unionist Ban Rauh. Croatia had been granted autonomy in internal affairs, however, foreign policy, the army and the economy were defined as common affairs. The Party of Rights in its political bulletin Hervat condemns the Settlement harshly because the Croatian Parliament was held in an subordinate position towards the Hungarian. Kvaternik, as an advocate of Croatian historical rights, tried to achieve the independence of Croatia by means of an armed uprising and was the leader of the Rakovica rebellion (i.e. Rakovička buna) in October 1871. He founded the Croatian People's Government in Rakovica and proclaimed the independence of the Croatian state. After the failure of the Rakovica uprising, the Party of Rights returned to political life in 1875 to the encouragement of Fran Folnegović, Erazmo Barčić, and the student youth gathered around the Hervatica newspaper. In the 1878 parliament, Starcevic criticized the dualistic arrangement of the Monarchy and expressed the bitterness of the Croatian people for the way the Emperor was dealing with Croatia. The Right-wing movement of the mid-eighties of the nineteenth century emerged on the foundations of Starčević and Kvaternik's ideology based on a personal union with the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Contrary to Starčević's ideological thinking, in the mid-'80s of the nineteenth century, the Right-wing politicians favoured "practical" politics. In July 1881, the Emperor united the Croatian Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina) with provincial Croatia in an attempt to appease the Croats for the fraud in which Rijeka became a part of Hungary. All the strata of the society took part in the protests for the removal of bilingual panels and, as a result, the National Movement took place in 1883. In order for the Emperor to abolish Croatian statehood and resistance to Hungarianization, in 1883 he named Khuen Hedervary for the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian ban, who continued hungerization and political violence. Erazmo Barčić proposed the "Loyalty" address at the September 1887 parliament, which emphasized the unconditional service to the dynasty and the abandonment of the partnership that Starčević represented. The Party of Rights was terminated in 1895. Two parties appeared: the Pure Party of Rights (Frankovci) and the Party of Rights (Domovinaši). By joining the Party of Rights with the Independent People's Party, a Croatian party emerged, whose policy wanted unity of the South Slav community. Towards the end of the First World War there was a dissipation of the Rights Party because they failed to achieve greater autonomy within the Monarchy or create the independent Croatian state. The newly-created Republic of Slovenia, Croats, and Serbs had to sign an unconditional relationship with the Kingdom of Serbia because there was a possibility that Italy would take over the entire Dalmatian coast, which would return Croatia to the beginning of its struggle for the unification of Croatian countries. |