| Sažetak | Predmet ovog završnog rada bile su slikarske tehnike sa ciljem da se objasni koje su, kako su nastajale te kako su se primjenjivale kroz razdoblja u likovnoj umjetnosti. Proučavajući literaturu o povijesti umjetnosti saznajemo kako su se slikarske tehnike primjenjivale od najranijih civilizacija pa sve do današnje moderne umjetnosti. Slikarske tehnike možemo ugrubo podijeliti na krute i tekuće, te one koje u sebi već sadrže boju u materijalima a čine ih: pastel, akvarel gvaš, tempera, ulje, kolaž, freska, mozaik, tapiserija, vitraj i batik. Već u prahistorijsko doba čovjek je obrađivao kovine i glinu, urezivao crteže i skromnim bojama oslikavao stijene pećina u kojima je živio. Paleolitička umjetnost je prvo otkrivena 1860-ih, kada je francuski paleontolog Edouard Lartet našao dekorirane predmete u spiljama i kamenim skloništima u jugozapadnoj Francuskoj. Prvi likovni prikazi stvoreni su u kameno doba od strane lovaca. Prikazivali su šumske životinje na pećinskim stijenama. Pri slikanju se paleolitski čovjek služio obojeno zemljom koju bi pronašao u okolini: smeđim, žutim i crvenim okerom koji je prijanjao uz blato na stijenama pećine. U razdoblju neolita stvaralačko izražavanje odnosi se na uporabu gline za izradu posuđa. U egipatskom slikarstvu se ističe oslikavanje zidova grobnica faraona i njihove obitelji. Zidovi su se premazivali vapnencom i glinom te bijelili vodom i kredom. Nakon toga bi se crvenim okerom iscrtavali dekorativni prikazi i ispisivali hijeroglifi. U Mezopotamiji su najzastupljeniji oblici umjetnosti reljef i skulptura. Krećani su za motiv u likovnom izražavanju koristili primorsku prirodu što se vidi iz slika, dekoracija i ukrasa na vazama. U slikarstvu se ističe izrazitost i čistoća boja te naglašenost linije. Mikenci su kao i Krećani oslikavali zidove s prizorima iz svakodnevnog života, osobito s prizorima lova. U grčkoj umjetnosti najviše se ističu kiparstvo i graditeljstvo, a što se tiče slikarstva može se izdvojiti oslikavanje vaza. U nekropolama, etrurskim grobnicama se nalazi najviše podataka o umjetnosti i navikama Etrušćana. Komoraste su se grobnice iskapale u pršincu (kamenu), a unutrašnji zidovi oslikavali freskama sa prizorima iz svakodnevnog života (ples, igre i gozbe). Najljepši i najbolje sačuvani primjeri rimskog slikarstva potječu iz unutrašnjosti kuća. Raskošne vile bile su ukrašene polikromnim freskama, podnim i zidnim mozaikom i intarzijama od obojenog mramora. Slikarstvo starokršćanskog razdoblja u 3. i 4. st. slijedilo je rimsku tradiciju tj. kršćanske sadržaje na zidnim slikama u katakombama na kojima je naglašena simbolika spasenja. Mozaik, kao način ukrašavanja zidova u rimskoj umjetnosti, dobio je posebnu važnost u Bizantu i postao sveprisutan u carskim i sakralnim građevinama. Raskošni mozaici simboliziraju moć i slavu carskog dvora. U barbarskoj i romaničkoj umjetnosti najznačajnije je kiparstvo i graditeljstvo sa crkvama i katedralama. Što se tiče slikarskih tehnika tog doba, prevladavao je mozaik koji je krasio unutrašnjost tih katedrala i crkva. U najvećem su broju sačuvani kipovi, iluminirani rukopisi, vitraji, predmeti od metala i mozaici. Ranu islamsku umjetnost predstavljali su kipari i majstori mozaika. Umjesto zidnog slikarstva islamski umjetnici su zidove ukrašavali raznobojnim pločicama od keramike. U staroj Kini likovna poruka prikazivala se na svili, žadu i tankom porculanu. Koristeći tehnike koje su nastale iz prakticiranja kaligrafije, gdje se kist močio u obojenu tintu, slikali su zapanjujuće portrete i pejzaže na svili. U indijskoj umjetnosti su slikali "thangke", ili slike na platnu/gazi, koje su opisivale tradicionalnu budističku ikonografiju sa prekrasnim mineralnim bojama i izraženim geometrijskim oblicima. Gotička umjetnost ističe se po izgradnji katedrala, koje su u svojoj unutrašnjosti bile ukrašene vitrajima koji se ubrajaju u najljepše u Europi. Osim u arhitekturi, gotička umjetnost najprisutnija je u skulpturi, vitrajima, freskama , štafelajnom slikarstvu i u iluminiranim rukopisima. Još uvijek je prevladavala religiozna tematika te tempera kao slikarska tehnika dok se kasnije, 40-ih godina ne pojavi tehnika uljanim bojama. U najistaknutijim slikarskim djelima renesanse najviše su se od tehnika koristile freske, ulje na platnu, ulje na drvu i tempera na drvu. U baroku su najviše korištene slikarske tehnike ulje na platnu, freske i zidne slike. Umjetnost 19. stoljeća sastojala se od neoklasicizma, romantizma, impresionizma, poentilista i divizionizma, preteče moderne umjetnosti i secesije. Kroz sve ove stilove, od slikarskih tehnika prevladavaju ulje na platnu i drvu, tempera i pastel. U umjetnosti dvadesetoga stoljeća nastaje tehnika kolaža, a istaknute su još i ulje i gvaš na kartonute tempera. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The subject of this final assignment were art techniques with the purpose to define what they are, how they began and how they were applied in art through different periods of time. Studying literature about art history we learn how art techniques were used from the earliest civilizations until the present modern art. Art techniques can roughly be divided into coarse and liquid and those which contain color in materials among which are: pastel, watercolor gauze, acrylics, oil, collage, fresco, mosaic, tapestry, stained glass and batik. From the prehistoric time man processed metal and clay, carved drawings and with limited colors available painted the walls of caves in which he lived in. Paleolithic art was first discovered in 1860-tees, when the French paleontologist Edouard Lartet found decorated objects in caves and rock shelters in the southwest France. The first art displays were created by hunters in the stone age. They displayed forest animals on the cave walls. Paleolithic man while painting used colored earth which he found in the surroundings: brown, yellow and ocher which adhere with mud on the cave walls. In the neolithic period creative expression emphasis was on the use of clay to make pots. In the Egyptian art main focus was on the painting the walls of pharaoh tombs and their families. Walls were covered with limestone and clay and then whited with water and chalk. After that they used red ocher to draw decorative drawings and write hieroglyphics. In the Mesopotamic the most common sort of art were relief and sculpture. For motive in artistic expression Cretans used coastal nature which can be seen in pictures and decorative vases. In art the essence was on the brightness and color purity and emphasis of the line. Mycens and Cretans painted the walls with everyday life motives especially hunting. In Greek art the emphasis was on the statuary, construction and painting of the vases. The best information about art and habits of the Etruscans are in the necropolis inside the Etruscans tombs. Chamber tombs were digged in stone and the inside walls were painted in frescoes with the everyday life motifs (dance, play, music). The most beautiful and best preserved examples of Roman art come from the interior of the houses. Lush villas were decorated by poly-chrome frescoes, floor and wall mosaic and colored marble marquetry. 3. and 4. Century art of early Christian era followed the roman tradition meaning Christian contents painted on walls in catacombs with the emphasis on salvation symbolic. Mosaic, as a way of decorating walls in Roman art, got its importance in Byzantine and became omnipresent in imperial and sacral buildings. Lush mosaics symbolize power and glory of the imperial court. In Barbarian and romanic art the most significant are sculpture and construction of churches and cathedrals. The most represented art techniques of that time were mosaic which was used to decorate the interior of churches and cathedrals. Among the most numerous preserved art are statue, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass, metal objects and mosaics. Early Islamic art was represented by sculpturs and mosaic experts. Instead of wall paintings artists decorated the walls with multicolor ceramic tiles. In Old China artistic message was showen on silk, jade and thin porcelain. They painted impressive portrets and landscapes on silk using techniques which were created during practicing calligraphy. In Indian art they painted „thagke“ or paintings on canvas, which represented traditional Buddhist iconography with beautiful mineral colors and expressed geometrical shapes. Gothic art got its importance in building cathedrals which interior was decorated with stained glass which are among the most beautiful in Europe. Beside architecture, Gothic art was most present in sculptures, stained glass, frescoes, easel painting and in illuminated manuscripts. Religious theme and acrylics paintings were still the main point until the 40-tees when oil art technique appeared. The most prominent art works in renaissance were made by different techniques like frescoes, oil on canvas, oil on wood and acrylics on wood. In Baroque the most used art techniques were oil on canvas, frescoes and wall paintings. 19-teen century art was composed of neoclassicism, romanticism, impressionism, pointillists and divisionism, the forerunner of modern art and “sescija” Croatian term for Art noveau. Among all art styles the most prominent are oil on canvas and wood, acrylics and pastel. In the 20th century art collage technique was created and among the most prominent are oil and gouche on cardboard and acrylics. |
