| Sažetak | Budizam je uveden u Kinu u prvom stoljeću nove ere. Prema tradiciji, chan je uveo oko 500. godine Bodhidharma, indijski redovnik koji je podučavao dhyānu. Bio je 28. indijski i prvi kineski patrijarh chana. U Japanu je budizam uveden u 8. stoljeću za vrijeme razdoblja Nara i razdoblja Heian. Prva zen škola nastala je tijekom razdoblja Kamakura kada je Nōnin osnovao Daruma školu zena. Zen je japanska varijanta kineskoga chan budizma, vrsta mahāyāne škole koja snažno ističe dhyānu obuku svijesti i ravnodušnosti. Ova praksa daje uvid u pravu prirodu ili prazninu inheretnog postojanja, što otvara put oslobođenom načinu života. Japanska se poezija na japanskom jeziku naziva shīka ili nihon no uta što se prevodi kao „poezija Japana“. Povijest japanske poezije započinje antologijom Man'yōshū te se nastavlja s prvom carskom antologijom Kokin Wakashū koja se prevodi kao „Zbornik starih i novih japanskih pjesama“, a često se skraćuje u Kokinshū. Budistički pjesnik Matsuo Bashō najpoznatiji je pjesnik Edo razdoblja Japana. Njegova se poezija citira na raznim monumentima i povijesnim lokacijama u Japanu. Japanski ikonoklastički budistički zen pjesnik Ikkyū Sōjun imao je veliki utjecaj na ujedinjenje umijeća japanskoga slikarstva i književnosti s idealima zena. Oba su pjesnika jedni od najvećih majstora zena kao i zen poezije na koju su ostavili značajan trag. Iako obojica pišu poeziju Bashō je poznat po svojim haiku pjesmama s tematikom godišnjih doba, životinja, putovanja i prolaznosti koju se smatra glavnim utjecajem zena u književnosti Japana općenito. Nadalje, Bashō je pisao japansku poeziju na tadašnjem japanskom jeziku, dok je Ikkyū, vjerojatno zbog odrastanja u budističkim hramovima u kojima se učila povijest Kine te kineski jezik i pismo, pisao japansku poeziju na kineskom jeziku. Ni jednog ni drugog ne može se smatrati klasičnim zen pjesnicima jer se njihova djela uvelike razlikuju od pojma klasičnog zen budizma koji se uči u školama, kako na Zapadu tako i u cijelome svijetu. Oni se protive određenim ustaljenim teorijama zena, kao npr. proces odricanja svega materijalnog i svakodnevno meditiranje koje se u određenim školama zena i dandanas smatra jedinim sigurnim načinom spoznaje samoga sebe i smisla života. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Buddhism was introduced to China in the first century CE. According to tradition, Chan Buddhism was introduced around 500 CE by Bodhidharma, an Indian monk who taught dhyāna. He was the 28th Indian and the first Chinese Chan patriarch. Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 8th century during the Nara and Heian periods. The first Zen school was established during the Kamakura period when Nōnin founded the Daruma School of Zen. Zen is the Japanese variant of Chinese Chan Buddhism, a kind of mahāyāna school that strongly emphasizes the dhyāna notion of consciousness and indifference. This practice gives insight into the true nature or emptiness of the inherent existence, which opens the way to a free way of life. Japanese poetry in Japanese is called shīka or nihon no uta, which translates as "Japanese poetry". The history of Japanese poetry begins with the anthology Man'yōshū and is followed by the first imperial anthology Kokin Wakashū which is translated as “Collection of Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times“, and is often shortened to Kokinshū. The Buddhist poet Matsuo Bashō is the most famous poet of the Edo period of Japan. His poetry is quoted on various monuments and historical sites. The Japanese iconoclastic Zen Buddhist poet Ikkyū Sōjun had a great influence on the unification of the arts of Japanese painting and literature with the ideals of Zen. Both are considered to be some of the greatest masters of Zen as well as Zen poetry, in which they left a significant mark. Although both wrote poems, Bashō is famous for his haiku poetry with themes such as the seasons, animals, travelling and transience, considered to be the major influence of Zen on Japanese literature in general. Furthermore, Bashō wrote Japanese poetry in the Japanese language of that time, while Ikkyū, probably due to him growing up in Buddhist temples where he studied Chinese history, Chinese language and script, wrote Japanese poetry in Chinese. None of them can be considered "classical" Zen poets because their works differ greatly from the notion of "classical" Zen Buddhism as taught in schools, both in the West and the world over. They are opposed to certain established theories of Zen, such as the process of renouncing all that is material and the notion of daily meditation,which in certain schools of Zen are still considered as the only safe way of understanding oneself, and consequently understanding life itself. |
