| Sažetak | Od početka 19. st. hrvatske zemlje su bile pod vlašću različitih stranih vladara te nisu imale jedinstven hrvatski književni jezik. Nakon poraza revolucionarnog pokreta 1848./1849., Franjo Josip je 1851. uveo otvoreni apsolutizam u kojem treba tražiti začetke pravaške ideologije. Stranka prava pojavila se na političkoj sceni 1861. godine predvođena Antom Starčevićem i Eugenom Kvaternikom. Kvaternik je napisao prvu formulaciju pravaške ideologije u knjizi Croatie et la Confédération italienne iznoseći protuaustrijske i protumađarske stavove. Stranka prava je bila jedna od oporbenih stranaka za saborskog zasjedanja 1861. kada je prihvaćen prijedlog koji priznaje kralja Ugarske za vladara i još užu državno-pravnu vezu s Ugarskom, uz uvjet da se prizna neovisnost Trojedne Kraljevine. Sabor je većinom glasova odbio raspravljati o zajedničkim poslovima s Austrijom. Na izborima 1865. pobijedila je oporba u kojoj su pravaši bili zastupljeni s 4 mandata. U veljači 1866. godine, usvojena je adresa koja je prihvaćala zajedničke poslove Monarhije, ali je izražavala zahtjev za sjedinjenje Dalmacije i Krajine s civilnom Hrvatskom i Slavonijom. Nakon poraza u ratu s Pruskom 1866., Austrija je 1867. sklopila nagodbu s Mađarima u okviru personalne unije. Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba je bila neminovnost i zaživjela je 1868. Poslije ustanka u Rakovici 1871., vlasti su onemogućavale rad Stranke prava. Teške prilike nagodbenog sustava su postupno zahvatile sve društvene slojeve te su se stvorili uvjeti za ponovno aktiviranje Stranke prava te njeno prerastanje u nacionalni pokret 1880.-tih. Stranka prava je, s 5 mandata, na saborskom zasjedanju 1878. bila jedina stranački organizirana oporbena stranka. Na izborima 1881. Stranka prava je imala 9, a 1884. već 24 zastupnička mandata što je ukazivalo na snažan rast. Kršenjem odredbi Nagodbe mađarska vlada je stalno suzbijala hrvatsku autonomiju. Početkom kolovoza 1883. postavljeni su dvojezični grbovi na zagrebačko financijsko ravnateljstvo što je izazvalo gradske nemire koji su se proširili i među seljaštvom. Franjo Josip ukinuo ustav i uveo komesarijat. U prosincu 1883. Khuen Hedervary je imenovan banom. On je uništavao opoziciju, provodio mađarizaciju i vršio represiju. Pravašima su prijetili progoni kao i nakon Rakovice jer je režimska vlada optuživala Stranku prava kao začetnicu nemira. Adresa Stranke prava za saborskog zasjedanja u listopadu 1884. je proglašena veleizdajničkom i antidinastičkom. Tijekom saborskih sjednica 1884. je došlo do promjene poslovnika i omogućavanja isključivanja zastupnika. Do 1887. Hedervary je uklonio sve Mažuranićeve zakone koji su pokušavali osigurati hrvatsku autonomiju, onemogućio je samostalnost sudstva, ukinuo je samoupravu županija i gradova, te je produžio izborni mandat s 3 na 5 godina. Na izborima 1887. Stranka prava je dobila samo 9 mandata, Neodvisna stranka 7, Središte 2, a režimska stranka je pobijedila s 87 mandata. Režimska stranka je koristila sva sredstva prisile i intriga kako bi dobili većinu, a postigla privid ustavnosti. Stranka prava je gubila podršku u narodu te dolazi do napuštanja politike sve ili ništa što je vidljivo u lojalnoj adresi iz 1887. Na saborskim izborima 1892. nastavljena je represija te je Neodvisna narodna stranka apstinirala od izbora, Narodna stranka je dobila 78, a Stranka prava 8, Srpska samostalna stranka 2 mandata. Poražavajući rezultati na izborima nametnuli su pravašima razmišljanja o zbližavanju opozicije te je došlo do sporazuma s Neodvisnom narodnom strankom u prosincu 1892. Zajednički program je bio utvrđen i prihvaćen u travnju 1894., no do sjedinjenja opozicije nije došlo zbog nesuglasja u svezi zajedničkog imena. Hrvatski studenti spalili su mađarsku zastavu na Trgu bana Jelačića za vrijeme posjete Franje Josipa u lipnju 1895., te su time podržali hrvatsku oporbu. Fran Folnegović je osudio čin mladeži iako je znao da je javnost uz njih i da će Josip Frank iskoristiti njegov istup kao povod za raskol. Raskolom Stranke prava formirale su se dvije političke grupacije: frankovci i domovinaši. U tom periodu Starčeviću je bolest uznapredovala, vjerovao je samo Franku i odredio ga za svoga političkog nasljednika. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | From the beginning of the 19th century, Croatian lands were under the rule of different foreign rulers and did not have a singular Croatian literary language. After the defeat of the revolutionary movement in 1848/1849, Franz Joseph I introduced open absolutism in 1851, in which the beginnings of Rightist ideology should be sought. The Party of Rights appeared on the political scene in 1861, led by Anto Starčević and Eugen Kvaternik. Kvaternik wrote the first formulation of Rightist ideology in the book Croatie et la Confédération italienne, presenting anti-Austrian and anti-Hungarian positions. The Party of Rights was one of the opposition parties of the parliamentary session in 1861, when a proposal was accepted that recognized the King of Hungary as the ruler as well as an even closer state-legal connection with Hungary, with the condition that the independence of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia be recognized. The Parliament, by a majority vote, refused to discuss joint affairs with Austria. In the elections of 1865, the opposition won, in which the Rightists were represented with 4 mandates. In February 1866, an address was adopted that accepted the common affairs of the Monarchy, but expressed a request for the union of Dalmatia and Krajina with civilian Croatia and Slavonia. After the defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia, Austria concluded a settlement with the Hungarians in 1867 within the framework of a personal union. The Croatian-Hungarian settlement was inevitable and came to life in 1868. After the 1871 uprising in Rakovica, the authorities prevented the work of the Party of Rights. The difficult circumstances of the settlement system gradually affected all social strata, and the conditions were created for the reactivation of the Party of Rights and its development into a national movement in the 1880s. The Party of Rights, with its 5 mandates, was the only party-organized opposition party in the parliamentary session of 1878. In the elections of 1881, the Party of Rights had 9 mandates, and as much as 24 parliamentary mandates in 1884, which indicated strong growth. By violating the provisions of the Agreement, the Hungarian government constantly suppressed Croatian autonomy. At the beginning of August 1883, bilingual coats of arms were placed on the Zagreb financial directorate, which caused riots in the city that spread among the peasantry as well. Franz Joseph abolished the constitution and introduced the commissariat. In December 1883, Khuen Hedervary was appointed ban. He destroyed the opposition, carried out Hungarianization and carried out repression. Rightists were threatened with persecution, similarly as after the Rakovica revolt, because the regime government accused the Party of Rights as the originators of the unrest. The address of the Party of Rights in the October 1884 parliamentary session was declared high-treasonous and anti-dynastic. During the parliamentary sessions in 1884, the rules of procedure were changed and the exclusion of representatives was made possible. By 1887, Hedervary removed all of Mažuranić's laws that tried to ensure Croatian autonomy, disabled the independence of the judiciary, abolished the self-government of counties and cities, and extended the electoral mandate from 3 to 5 years. In the elections of 1887, the Party of Rights won only 9 mandates, the Independent Party 7, the Center 2, and the regime party won with 87 mandates. The regime party used all means of coercion and intrigue in order to gain a majority and achieve a semblance of constitutionality. The Party of Rights was losing support among the people, and there was an abandonment of all-or-nothing politics, which is evident in The loyal address from 1887. In the parliamentary elections of 1892, repression continued and the Independent People's Party abstained from the elections. The People's Party won 78, the Party of Rights 8 and the Serbian Independent Party 2 mandates. The devastating results in the elections forced the Rightists to think about bringing the opposition together, and an agreement was reached with the Independent People's Party in December 1892. The joint program was determined and accepted in April 1894, but the unification of the opposition did not happen due to disagreements regarding the common name. Croatian students burned the Hungarian flag on the Ban Jelačić Square during the visit of Franz Joseph in June 1895, thereby supporting the Croatian opposition. Fran Folnegović condemned the act of the youth even though he knew that the public was with them and that Joseph Franko would use his statement as a reason for a split. With the split of the Party of Rights, two political groups were formed: the Frankist faction and the Homeland faction. In that period, Starčević's illness advanced and trusting only Franko, Starčević designated him as his political successor. |
